Determined to control politics in the state reduce competition from Republicans and Populists and close blacks out of politics in 1901 the Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a poll tax as a requirement for voting Given the economic difficulties of the times the poll tax caused participation by African Americans poor whites and Mexican Americans to drop sharply effectively disenfranchising more than one-third of the population of the state. . . Texas has made a strong mark on national and international pop culture the entire state is strongly associated with the image of the cowboy shown in westerns and in country western music the state's numerous oil tycoons are also a popular pop culture topic as seen in the hit TV series Dallas, 128 Briscoe Cain Republican 2016 Baytown Deer Park La Porte, Houston Texas Business Directory Map of northern part of Gulf of Mexico. Houston's environmental problems stem from a long history of pollution Houston may be considered the air-conditioning capital of the world due to its hot and humid metropolitan Since the 1930s air-conditioning was built into all commercial buildings like theaters malls and corporations Even the Astrodome was air-conditioned making baseball players and fans comfortable for decades This led to the possibility of an energy crisis because of the popularity of air-conditioning in Houston energy costs are generally higher than normal, A low birth weight is less than 2500 grams the rate of low birth weight in Texas has always been higher than the nationwide rate in 2016 8.4% of live births in Texas had a low birth weight the rate for Black mothers specifically was 13.5%. Babies of mothers who do not get prenatal care are 3 times more likely to have a low birth weight and 5 times more likely to die than those born to mothers who do get care. As for long-term complications low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for cerebral palsy blindness deafness and developmental delay. In June 1979 the Ixtoc I oil platform in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout leading to a catastrophic explosion which resulted in a massive oil spill that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, Public School Lunch On May 12 2016 a release of oil from subsea infrastructure on Shell's Brutus oil rig released 2,100 barrels of oil This leak created a visible 2 mile by 13 mile oil slick in the sea about 97 miles south of Port Fourchon Louisiana according to the U.S Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement.
After a series of United States victories the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the two-year war in return for US$18,250,000 Mexico gave the U.S undisputed control of Texas ceded the Mexican Cession in 1848 most of which today is called the American Southwest and Texas's borders were established at the Rio Grande. . The NRG Astrodome also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome is the world's first multi-purpose domed sports stadium located in Houston Texas Construction on the stadium began in 1962 and it officially opened in 1965 it served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB) from its opening in 1965 until 1999 and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1968 until 1996 and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1971 until 1975 Additionally the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002 When opened it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the "Eighth Wonder of the World", Petty bickering between Smith and the Council members increased dramatically and on January 9 1836 Smith threatened to dismiss the Council unless they agreed to revoke their approval of the Matamoros Expedition. Two days later the Council voted to impeach Smith and named James W Robinson the Acting Governor it was unclear whether either side actually had the authority to dismiss the other by this point Texas was essentially in anarchy. 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare The First Congress of the Republic of Texas established Harrisburg County on December 22 1836 the original county boundaries included Galveston Island but were redrawn to its current configuration in May 1838, Many Mexican soldiers retreated through the marsh to Peggy Lake.[Note 15] Texian riflemen stationed themselves on the banks and shot at anything that moved Many Texian officers including Houston and Rusk attempted to stop the slaughter but they were unable to gain control of the men Texians continued to chant "Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!" while frightened Mexican infantry yelled "Me no Alamo!" and begged for mercy to no avail in what historian Davis called "one of the most one-sided victories in history" 650 Mexican soldiers were killed and 300 captured. Eleven Texians died with 30 others including Houston wounded, 19 Waste Management 196 The City of Houston designated its first Poet Laureate in April 2013 naming Gwendolyn Zepeda to the post in April 2015 Dr Robin Davidson became Houston's second Poet Laureate in April 2017 Deborah Mouton became Houston's third Poet Laureate in April 2019 Leslie Contreras Schwartz became Houston's fourth Poet Laureate.
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