. . . The Laura the first steamship ever to visit Houston arrived in January 1837 on January 1 1837 the town comprised twelve residents and one log cabin; four months later there were 1,500 people and 100 houses the city was granted incorporation by the state legislature on June 5 1837 and was made as the temporary capital of Texas at this time drunkenness dueling brawling prostitution and profanity began to become a problem in early Houston.
The Houston Office of Protocol and International Affairs is the city's liaison to Houston's sister cities and to the national governing organization Sister Cities International Through their official city-to-city relationships these volunteer associations promote people-to-people diplomacy and encourage citizens to develop mutual trust and understanding through commercial cultural educational and humanitarian exchanges. The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August respectively With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent the possibility of additional atomic bombings the Soviet entry into the war against Japan and its invasion of Manchuria Japan announced its intention to surrender on 15 August 1945 cementing total victory in Asia for the Allies Tribunals were set up by the Allies and war crimes trials were conducted in the wake of the war both against the Germans and the Japanese, Flag of America 19 10.svg; In 1901 the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a poll tax for voting which effectively disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites and Latinos in addition the legislature established white primaries ensuring minorities were excluded from the formal political process the number of voters dropped dramatically and the Democrats crushed competition from the Republican and Populist parties the Socialist Party became the second-largest party in Texas after 1912 coinciding with a large socialist upsurge in the United States during fierce battles in the labor movement and the popularity of national heroes like Eugene V Debs the Socialists' popularity soon waned after their vilification by the United States government for their opposition to US involvement in World War I; 4 Spanish exploration 2.1 Geology, Houston Texas Business Directory Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the 1915 Galveston hurricane Hurricane Audrey in 1957 which killed over 600 people Hurricane Carla in 1961 Hurricane Beulah in 1967 Hurricane Alicia in 1983 Hurricane Rita in 2005 and Hurricane Ike in 2008 Tropical storms have also caused their share of damage: Allison in 1989 and again during 2001 and Claudette in 1979 among them. By 1860 Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton. Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont During the American Civil War Houston served as a headquarters for General John Magruder who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston. After the Civil War Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between Downtown and the nearby port of Galveston by 1890 Houston was the railroad center of Texas.
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