On 10 June Italy invaded France declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom the Germans turned south against the weakened French army and Paris fell to them on 14 June Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime which though officially neutral was generally aligned with Germany France kept its fleet which the United Kingdom attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany; Anna Rohleder of Forbes said "Among Houston's wealthy denizens social life centers on charity events and the arts."; . Under orders from Smith Houston successfully dissuaded all but 70 men from continuing to follow Johnson. With his own authority in question following Smith's impeachment Houston washed his hands of the army and journeyed to Nacogdoches to negotiate a treaty with Cherokee leaders Houston vowed that Texas would recognize Cherokee claims to land in East Texas as long as the Indians refrained from attacking settlements or assisting the Mexican army in his absence Fannin as the highest-ranking officer active in the regular army led the men who did not want to go to Matamoros to Goliad, McNair World War II deaths, Farmers and ranchers were especially hard hit as prices for cotton and livestock fell sharply Beginning in 1934 and lasting until 1939 the Dust Bowl an ecological disaster of severe wind and drought caused an exodus from Texas and the surrounding plains in which over 500,000 Americans were homeless hungry and jobless. Thousands left the region forever to seek economic opportunities in California For the majority of farmers who remained the New Deal's Agricultural Adjustment Act was a crash program started in 1933 that in two weeks signed up cotton growers even as agents and committeemen faced poor roads bureaucratic delays inadequate supplies balking mules and language barriers it brought recovery by the mid-1930s raising cotton prices by controls on how much farmers could plant. In 1940 Houston was a city of 400,000 population dependent on shipping and oil the war dramatically expanded the city's economic base thanks to massive federal spending Energetic entrepreneurs most notably George Brown James Elkins and James Abercrombie landed hundreds of millions of dollars in federal wartime investment in technologically complex facilities Houston oil companies moved from being mere refiners and became sophisticated producers of petrochemicals Especially important were synthetic rubber and high octane fuel which retained their importance after the war the war moved the natural gas industry from a minor factor to a major energy source; Houston became a major hub when a local firm purchased the federally-financed Inch pipelines Other major growth industries included steel munitions and shipbuilding Tens of thousands of new migrants streamed in from rural areas straining the city's housing supply and the city's ability to provide local transit and schools For the first time high paying jobs went to large numbers of women blacks and Mexican Americans the city's African American community emboldened by their newfound prosperity became a hotbed of civil rights agitation; the Smith v Allwright Supreme Court decision on voting rights was backed and funded by local blacks in this period.[page needed], Texas in 1718 Guillaume de L'Isle map approximate state area highlighted northern boundary was indefinite. .
Mexicans displaced by the Mexican Revolution started flooding the city of Houston after 1910 and have been a strong influence in the city ever since. ; Using newly captured French ports the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic the British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck! Geology Mission Concepcion is one of the San Antonio missions which is part of a National Historic Landmark 6.2 Agriculture and mining 10.6 Medical research Playing surface Occurrences of freezing rain also known as ice storms are more common than snow in Houston Some of the most recent ice storms occurred in 1997 2007 February 4 2011 and January 16 2018 an overnight event occurred from January 23 2014 to January 24 another significant icing occurred a few days later on January 28 and a third event took place on March 4 These storms can be very disruptive since road crews are not equipped to handle such rare events over the city's expansive size. When ice occurs roads and schools are usually closed the city's Office of Emergency Management encourages driver's to "avoid driving unless absolutely necessary. if roadways are at risk of icing." Typically such ice storms affect mainly the northern/western areas of the metro while the southern/eastern areas are left with just cold rain the ice storm that occurred on January 16 2018 started as cold rain for several hours before changing to a wintry mix and then eventually sleet and snow Temperatures started in the low-mid 30s and quickly dropped to the 20s in the afternoon and before dipping into the teens by the evening/overnight hours which caused all the rain to turn to ice accumulating a thickness up to 1' on some roads bridges overpasses making it one of the worst winter storms in the history of the state.
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