! . . Further information: List of newspapers in Houston List of television stations in Houston and List of radio stations in Houston. ; .
Difficulties with the Native Americans Further information: Pre-Columbian Mexico 5.1 2006 earthquake 9.3 Reconstruction Spanish troops reacted harshly looting the province and executing any Tejanos accused of having Republican tendencies by 1820 fewer than 2,000 Hispanic citizens remained in Texas the situation did not normalize until 1821 when Agustin de Iturbide launched a drive for Mexican Independence Texas became a part of the newly independent nation without a shot being fired ending the period of Spanish Texas; . The area contains two of the oldest towns in Texas; Nacogdoches the oldest town in Texas dating from 18th century and San Augustine the oldest "Anglo" settlement in Texas dating from the 1820s People of English Scottish Scots-Irish and to a lesser extent Welsh ancestry predominate in the region which is in contrast to South Central Texas and West Texas where people of German and Hispanic heritage predominate respectively Prior to the Texas War of Independence settlement was generally prohibited by the Spanish and later Mexican governments but neither government was able to exert control or law enforcement in the area As a consequence the "Big Thicket" became a refuge for criminals fleeing the United States and hiding out in a "no man's land" in the pine tree thickets. Automobiles of all kinds have had enormous influence on Houston culture largely a result of the urban sprawl and sparse public transportation that has followed the dismantling of the city's former trolley system Many of the Houston's business districts such as Uptown and Greenspoint began their development as edge cities Furthermore many notable neighborhoods began as streetcar suburbs including the Heights and Sharpstown. On Palm Sunday March 27 Fannin Ward Westover and their men were marched out of the presidio and shot Mexican cavalry were stationed nearby to chase down any who tried to escape. Approximately 342 Texians died and 27 either escaped or were spared by Mexican troops. Several weeks after the Goliad massacre the Mexican Congress granted an official reprieve to any Texas prisoners who had incurred capital punishment. On Opening Day April 9 1965 a sold-out crowd of 47,879 watched an exhibition game between the Houston Astros and the New York Yankees President Lyndon B Johnson and his wife Lady Bird were in attendance as well as Texas Governor John Connally and Houston Mayor Louie Welch Governor Connally tossed out the first ball for the first game ever played indoors Dick "Turk" Farrell of the Astros threw the first pitch Mickey Mantle had both the first hit (a single) and the first home run in the Astrodome the Astros beat the Yankees that night 2-1! .
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