. . Soviet civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the Battle of Leningrad 10 December 1942. By 1860 Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton. Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont During the American Civil War Houston served as a headquarters for General John Magruder who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston. After the Civil War Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between Downtown and the nearby port of Galveston by 1890 Houston was the railroad center of Texas, In 1973 the United States Environmental Protection Agency prohibited the dumping of undiluted chemical waste by manufacturing interests into the Gulf and the military confessed to similar behavior in waters off Horn Island, 1 Geography 6 Sports the Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region centered west of Texas; 7 Disease in the Americas The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany the former became a neutral state non-aligned with any political bloc the latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union a denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society. ! The area contains two of the oldest towns in Texas; Nacogdoches the oldest town in Texas dating from 18th century and San Augustine the oldest "Anglo" settlement in Texas dating from the 1820s People of English Scottish Scots-Irish and to a lesser extent Welsh ancestry predominate in the region which is in contrast to South Central Texas and West Texas where people of German and Hispanic heritage predominate respectively Prior to the Texas War of Independence settlement was generally prohibited by the Spanish and later Mexican governments but neither government was able to exert control or law enforcement in the area As a consequence the "Big Thicket" became a refuge for criminals fleeing the United States and hiding out in a "no man's land" in the pine tree thickets.
. President Andrew Johnson appointed Union General A J Hamilton as provisional governor on June 17 1865 Hamilton had been a prominent politician before the war He granted amnesty to ex-Confederates if they promised to support the Union in the future appointing some to office on March 30 1870 although Texas did not meet all the requirements Congress restored Texas to the Union. During the revolution Texian soldiers gained a reputation for courage and militance. Lack points out that fewer than five percent of the Texian population enrolled in the army during the war a fairly low rate of participation. Texian soldiers recognized that the Mexican cavalry was far superior to their own Over the next decade the Texas Rangers borrowed Mexican cavalry tactics and adopted the Spanish saddle and spurs the riata and the bandana, A system of toll roads operated by the Harris County Toll Road Authority (HCTRA) and Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority (FBCTRA) provides additional options for regional commuters the Sam Houston Tollway which encompasses the mainlanes of Beltway 8 (as opposed to the frontage roads which are untolled) is the longest tollway in the system covering the entirety of the Beltway with the exception of a free section between Interstate 45 and Interstate 69 near George Bush Intercontinental Airport the region is serviced by four spoke tollways: a set of managed lanes on the Katy Freeway; the Hardy Toll Road which parallels Interstate 45 north of Downtown up to Spring; the Westpark Tollway which services Houston's western suburbs out to Fulshear; and Fort Bend Parkway which connects to Sienna Plantation Westpark Tollway and Fort Bend Parkway are operated conjunctly with the Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority. ; Houston's bicycle sharing system started service with nineteen stations in May 2012 Houston Bcycle (also known as B-Cycle) a local non-profit runs the subscription program supplying bicycles and docking stations while partnering with other companies to maintain the system the network expanded to 29 stations and 225 bicycles in 2014 registering over 43,000 checkouts of equipment during the first half of the same year in 2017 Bcycle logged over 142,000 check outs while expanding to 56 docking stations, Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines the most well known being the German Enigma machine. Development of SIGINT (signals intelligence) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to the United Kingdom by the Polish Cipher Bureau which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception which the Allies used to great effect such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard, Matthew McConaughey Longview Gregg County Other elected positions in Harris County include a County Attorney a County Clerk a District Attorney a District Clerk a Sheriff 8 Constables a Tax Assessor-Collector a County Treasurer and every judge in the county except municipal judges who are appointed by the mayors and confirmed by city councils of their respective cities. Top publicly traded companies, They had benefited from Guinea's connections with neighbouring Iberians and north African Muslim states Due to these connections mathematicians and experts in naval technology appeared in Portugal Portuguese and foreign experts made several breakthroughs in the fields of mathematics cartography and naval technology, Houston Texas Business Directory Aerial view of central Houston showing Downtown and surrounding neighborhoods March 2018.
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