Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war actions at Taranto Pearl Harbor and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship in the Atlantic escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap. Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured. Submarines which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second the British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics such as sonar and convoys while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics. Gradually improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light hedgehog squid and homing torpedoes proved victorious over the German submarines.[citation needed]. Mexican authorities became increasingly concerned about the stability of the region the colonies teetered at the brink of revolt in 1829 after Mexico abolished slavery in response President Anastasio Bustamante implemented the Laws of April 6 1830 which among other things prohibited further immigration to Texas from the United States increased taxes and reiterated the ban on slavery. Settlers simply circumvented or ignored the laws by 1834 an estimated 30,000 Anglos lived in Coahuila y Tejas compared to only 7,800 Mexican-born residents. By the end of 1835 almost 5,000 enslaved Africans and African Americans lived in Texas making up 13 percent of the non-Indian population. ; Concrete building in two sections each with a five-sided tower on the ends One is a curved and windowless the other looks like a theater entrance with rounded marquee shapes and glassed entrance. . ! .
; 2.3 Cityscape Government and politics 7 Government and politics In 1912 Joseph Jay Pastoriza introduced property tax reform to Houston the "Houston Single Tax Plan" was based on Georgist principles and redistributed property tax burden from owners of personal property and developed land to owners of undeveloped land While the Houston Plan was not a true single tax it re-weighted appraisals to 70 percent of unimproved land and 25 percent of developed land Personal property was exempt from local taxes according to this plan This continued for a few years until 1915 when two courts ruled the plan illegal according to the Texas Constitution Pastoriza continued to serve as Houston Tax Commissioner until 1917 when he became the first Mayor of Houston of Hispanic heritage He died after just three months in office, Disenfranchisement After a failed attempt to convince Spanish authorities to reestablish missions in Texas in 1711 Franciscan missionary Francisco Hidalgo approached the French governor of Louisiana for help the French governor sent representatives to meet with Hidalgo This concerned Spanish authorities who ordered the reoccupation of Texas as a buffer between New Spain and French settlements in Louisiana in 1716 four missions and a presidio were established in East Texas Accompanying the soldiers were the first recorded female settlers in Spanish Texas.
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