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Houston is home to the largest Muslim population in Texas and the Southern United States as of 2012. It is estimated that Muslims make up 1.2% of Houston's population as of 2016 Muslims in the Houston area included South Asians Middle Easterners Africans Turks and Indonesians in 2000 there were over 41 mosques and storefront religious centers with the largest being the Al-Noor Mosque (Mosque of Light) of the Islamic Society of Greater Houston. In 1860 most Houstonians supported John C Breckinridge an independent Democratic candidate for president However he lost the election to Abraham Lincoln As the Civil War began there was tension between supporters of the Confederacy and the few Union sympathizers the Chamber of Commerce kept the city together during the conflict Galveston was blockaded on October 4 1862 which in turn soured Houston's economy on January 1 1863 John B Magruder's Confederate forces recaptured the city However the war was won by the Union forces in 1865 Texas was governed under a military command during Reconstruction but Federal forces could not control the anarchy and lawlessness that broke out after the war Civilians settled old grudges and several counties were essentially without civilian government, (as of 2010) 6 Notes 2000 20,851,820 22.8% Houston Texas Business Directory. Major highways Ruins of the Benedictine monastery during the Battle of Monte Cassino Italian Campaign May 1944 Houston Texas Business Directory Flooding 1.2 Big Thicket One important reason was the need for alternatives to the expensive eastern trade routes that followed the Silk Road Those routes were dominated first by the republics of Venice and Genoa and then by the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 the Ottomans barred European access for decades the Spanish Netherlands ports produced more revenue than the colonies since all goods brought from Spain Mediterranean possessions and the colonies were sold directly there to neighbouring European countries: wheat olive oil wine silver spice wool and silk were big businesses.[citation needed]. . .

In January 1790 the Comanche also helped the Spanish fight a large battle against the Mescalero and Lipan Apaches at Soledad Creek west of San Antonio the Apaches were resoundingly defeated and the majority of the raids stopped. By the end of the 18th century only a small number of the remaining hunting and gathering tribes within Texas had not been Christianized in 1793 mission San Antonio de Valero was secularized and the following year the four remaining missions at San Antonio were partially secularized. . . 4 Government and politics On March 2 1836 Texans signed the Texas Declaration of Independence at Washington-on-the-Brazos effectively creating the Republic of Texas the revolt was justified as necessary to protect basic rights and because Mexico had annulled the federal pact the majority of the colonists were from the United States; they said that Mexico had invited them to move to the country but they were determined "to enjoy" the republican institutions to which they were accustomed in their native land.