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Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai 1937. . The Axis advance in the Pacific halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway; later Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then decisively at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union Key setbacks in 1943 which included a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front the Allied invasions of Sicily and Italy and Allied victories in the Pacific cost the Axis its initiative and forced it into strategic retreat on all fronts in 1944 the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France while the Soviet Union regained its territorial losses and turned toward Germany and its allies During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in Central China South China and Burma while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands. In May 1870 Houston was the site of the Texas State Fair the fair remained in Houston until 1878, Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S history have impacted Texas a hurricane in 1875 killed about 400 people in Indianola followed by another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town These events allowed Galveston to take over as the chief port city the 1900 Galveston hurricane subsequently devastated that city killing about 8,000 people or possibly as many as 12,000 This makes it the deadliest natural disaster in U.S history in 2017 Hurricane Harvey made landfall in Rockport as a Category 4 Hurricane causing significant damage there the storm stalled over land for a very long time allowing it to drop unprecedented amounts of rain over the Greater Houston area and surrounding counties the result was widespread and catastrophic flooding that inundated hundreds of thousands of homes Harvey ultimately became the costliest hurricane worldwide causing an estimated $198.6 billion in damage surpassing the cost of Hurricane Katrina. ; . After the original natural grass playing surface died the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to install artificial turf which became known as AstroTurf in another technological first the Astrodome featured the "Astrolite" which was the first animated scoreboard the Astrodome was renovated in 1988 expanding seating and altering many original features, White 86.8% 75.2% 71.0% 70.4% Top publicly traded companies, In 2010 49 percent of all births were Hispanics; 35 percent were non-Hispanic whites; 11.5 percent were non-Hispanic blacks and 4.3 percent were Asians/Pacific Islanders. Based on Census Bureau data released on February 2011 for the first time in recent history Texas's white population is below 50 percent (45 percent) and Hispanics grew to 38 percent Between 2000 and 2010 the total population growth by 20.6 percent but Hispanics growth by 65 percent whereas non-Hispanic whites only grew by 4.2 percent. Texas has the fifth highest rate of teenage births in the nation and a plurality of these are to Hispanics. In the 18th century there appears to have been some sort of war in the western part of the state whereas most of the tribes of Texas divided along a line the Coahuiltecans at some point would have migrated south to merge with their sister tribes in the 18th century the Creek Confederacy formed on the east coast forcing several smaller Muskogean peoples out of the state They may have migrated to Texas & Mexico where they were absorbed into other tribes the Choctaw also split and one of their four subtribes the Houma came to reside in the eastern region the state before returning to Louisiana.

Main articles: Portuguese India and Portuguese India Armadas. After the fort was constructed one of the ships returned to France and the other two were soon destroyed in storms stranding the settlers La Salle and his men searched overland for the Mississippi River traveling as far west as the Rio Grande and as far east as the Trinity River. Disease and hardship laid waste to the colony and by early January 1687 fewer than 45 people remained That month a third expedition launched a final attempt to find the Mississippi the expedition experienced much infighting and La Salle was ambushed and killed somewhere in East Texas. . The Ladies Reading Group of Houston was a significant founder of the public library system in Houston Elizabeth Long the author of the 2003 book Book Clubs: Women and the Uses of Reading in Everyday Life wrote that Houston's "literary scene" contributes and draws upon the overall literary culture of Texas the University of Houston creative writing program opened in 1979 Long wrote that this program "has achieved a national reputation" in subsequent decades in 1985 the Ladies Reading Club had a 100th anniversary celebration, 23 Apache Corporation 206 The Convention of 1836 in Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 1 attracted 45 delegates representing 21 municipalities. Within an hour of the convention's opening George C Childress submitted a proposed Texas Declaration of Independence which passed overwhelmingly on March 2 on March 6 hours after the Alamo had fallen Travis's final dispatch arrived His distress was evident; delegate Robert Potter immediately moved that the convention be adjourned and all delegates join the army. Houston convinced the delegates to remain and then left to take charge of the army With the backing of the Convention Houston was now commander-in-chief of all regular volunteer and militia forces in Texas. Per the American Community Survey's 2013-2017 estimates Houston's age distribution was 569,656 under 18; 1,697,680 aged 18 to 20; 1,611,185 aged 21 to 61; 288,654 aged 62 to 64; and 228,460 aged 65 and older the median age was 32.9 down from 33.5 in 2014; the city's youthfulness has been attributed to an influx of an African American New Great Migration Hispanic or Latin American and Asian immigrants into Texas for every 100 females there were 100.3 males; Humble Originally the stadium's surface was a Tifway 419 Bermuda grass specifically bred for indoor use the dome's ceiling contained thousands of semitransparent panes made of Lucite. Players quickly complained that glare coming off of the panes made it hard for them to track fly balls; to solve the problem two sections of panes were painted white in April. However within a few months the grass died from lack of sunlight for most of the 1965 season the Astros played on green-painted dirt and dead grass the clear panels also added a problem when combined with the natural grass the grass tended to hold then release moisture often resulting in rain within the structure causing games to be delayed while the grounds crews cleaned up the playing surface.