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An additional obvious legacy is that of Roman Catholicism At the end of Spain's reign over Texas virtually all inhabitants practiced the Catholic religion and it is still practiced in Texas by a large number of people the Spanish missions built in San Antonio to convert Indians to Catholicism have been restored and are a National Historic Landmark. In 1578 the Saadi sultan Ahmad al-Mansur contemporary of Queen Elizabeth I defeated Portugal at the Battle of Ksar El Kebir beating the young king Sebastian I a devout Christian who believed in the crusade to defeat Islam Portugal had landed in North Africa after Abu Abdallah asked him to help recover the Saadian throne Abu Abdallah's uncle Abd Al-Malik had taken it from Abu Abdallah with Ottoman Empire support the defeat of Abu Abdallah and the death of Portugal's king led to the end of the Portuguese Aviz dynasty and later to the integration of Portugal and its empire at the Iberian Union for 60 years under Sebastian's uncle Philip II of Spain Philip was married to his relative Mary I cousin of his father due to this Philip was King of England and Ireland in a dynastic union with Spain. . Many notable music artists have East Texas roots including: George Jones (Saratoga) Miranda Lambert (Lindale) Kacey Musgraves (Mineola) Neal McCoy (Longview and Jacksonville) Lee Ann Womack (Jacksonville) Janis Joplin (Port Arthur) Don Henley (Linden) Ray Price (Perryville) Johnny Horton (Rusk) Johnny Mathis (Gilmer) Tex Ritter (Panola County) Jim Reeves (Panola County) Mark Chesnutt (Beaumont) Tracy Byrd (Vidor) Clay Walker (Beaumont) Chris Tomlin (Grand Saline) and Michelle Shocked (Gilmer) among many others, In 1940 Houston was a city of 400,000 population dependent on shipping and oil the war dramatically expanded the city's economic base thanks to massive federal spending Energetic entrepreneurs most notably George Brown James Elkins and James Abercrombie landed hundreds of millions of dollars in federal wartime investment in technologically complex facilities Houston oil companies moved from being mere refiners and became sophisticated producers of petrochemicals Especially important were synthetic rubber and high octane fuel which retained their importance after the war the war moved the natural gas industry from a minor factor to a major energy source; Houston became a major hub when a local firm purchased the federally-financed Inch pipelines Other major growth industries included steel munitions and shipbuilding Tens of thousands of new migrants streamed in from rural areas straining the city's housing supply and the city's ability to provide local transit and schools For the first time high paying jobs went to large numbers of women blacks and Mexican Americans the city's African American community emboldened by their newfound prosperity became a hotbed of civil rights agitation; the Smith v Allwright Supreme Court decision on voting rights was backed and funded by local blacks in this period.[page needed]. . Red Army troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the Battle of Kursk July 1943 The City of Houston designated its first Poet Laureate in April 2013 naming Gwendolyn Zepeda to the post in April 2015 Dr Robin Davidson became Houston's second Poet Laureate in April 2017 Deborah Mouton became Houston's third Poet Laureate in April 2019 Leslie Contreras Schwartz became Houston's fourth Poet Laureate! Main article: Crime in Houston 3.3 2000 Census Houston Texas Business Directory Bay of Campeche which is an isthmian embayment extending from the western edge of Campeche Bank to the offshore regions just east of the port of Veracruz.

The table below consists of averages for August (generally the warmest month) and January (generally the coldest) in selected cities in various regions of the state El Paso and Amarillo are exceptions with July and December respectively being the warmest and coldest months respectively but with August and January only being narrowly different, Afonso de Albuquerque set sail in April 1511 from Goa to Malacca with a force of 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships. Following his capture of the city on 24 August 1511 it became a strategic base for Portuguese expansion in the East Indies; consequently the Portuguese were obliged to build a fort they named a Famosa to defend it That same year the Portuguese desiring a commercial alliance sent an ambassador Duarte Fernandes to the kingdom of Ayudhya where he was well received by king Ramathibodi II in 1526 a large force of Portuguese ships under the command of Pedro Mascarenhas was sent to conquer Bintan where Sultan Mahmud was based Earlier expeditions by Diogo Dias and Afonso de Albuquerque had explored that part of the Indian Ocean and discovered several islands new to Europeans Mascarenhas served as Captain-Major of the Portuguese colony of Malacca from 1525 to 1526 and as viceroy of Goa capital of the Portuguese possessions in Asia from 1554 until his death in 1555 He was succeeded by Francisco Barreto who served with the title of "governor-general". After 1500: West and East Africa Asia and the Pacific, The Houston Office of Protocol and International Affairs is the city's liaison to Houston's sister cities and to the national governing organization Sister Cities International Through their official city-to-city relationships these volunteer associations promote people-to-people diplomacy and encourage citizens to develop mutual trust and understanding through commercial cultural educational and humanitarian exchanges. Vte Bridgeland 3.2 Birth of the Spanish Kingdom, The Kuomintang (KMT) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords in 1931 an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo, William Henry Huddle: Surrender of Santa Anna (1886; Texas State Capitol Austin); Houston generally receives ample rainfall averaging about 49.8 in (1,260 mm) annually based on records between 1981 and 2010 Many parts of the city have a high risk of localized flooding due to flat topography ubiquitous low-permeability clay-silt prairie soils and inadequate infrastructure. During the mid-2010s Greater Houston experienced consecutive major flood events in 2015 ("Memorial Day") 2016 ("Tax Day") and 2017 (Hurricane Harvey). Overall there have been more casualties and property loss from floods in Houston than in any other locality in the United States the majority of rainfall occurs between April and October (the wet season of Southeast Texas) when the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico evaporates extensively over the city. The Harris County Housing Authority (HCHA) is a governmental nonprofit corporation which addresses the need for quality affordable housing the HCHA has been recognized by the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development as the highest performing housing authority in the region and was recently named one of America's 10 best Public Housing Authorities. Guy R Rankin IV is Chief Executive Officer of Harris County Housing Authority (HCHA). Main articles: Texas Revolution Convention of 1836 Texas Declaration of Independence Treaties of Velasco and Republic of Texas, Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact the long period of political tensions and military competition between them the Cold War would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars, Chamberlain Daladier Hitler Mussolini and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement 29 September 1938. The Downtown Houston skyline, Notes 5 Economy East Texans also enjoy collegiate athletic competition Most residents support collegiate teams located in other regions of the state; the Texas A&M Aggies Texas Longhorns Texas Tech Red Raiders Baylor Bears TCU Horned Frogs etc Due to proximity to neighboring states East Texas has a substantial number of fans of the LSU Tigers Arkansas Razorbacks Oklahoma State Cowboys and Oklahoma Sooners the Battle of the Piney Woods is a fiercely contested sports rivalry between the Bearkats of Sam Houston State University in Huntsville and the Lumberjacks of Stephen F Austin State University in Nacogdoches Both compete in the FCS level of NCAA athletic competition as members of the Southland Conference the Cardinals of Lamar University in Beaumont also compete with Stephen F Austin and Sam Houston State in the Southland Conference.